This book provides readers with the latest developments in neuroscience research. Topics covered include patient and nerve selection, review techniques, risks, benefits and alternatives to C2 and RFA ablation; early diagnosis and treatment in multiple sclerosis using ultrashort echo time (UTE) magnetic resonance imaging; the use of regenerative medicine to help patients with ataxia; genetic and clinical characteristics of spinocerebellar ataxias; white matter abnormalities in neurodegenerative disease; cell to cell propagation of pathogenic tau which may be involved in certain neurodegenerative disorders; the use of cannabis in neurology and psychiatry and its potential effects; deep brain stimulation for treating neuropsychiatric disorders; and the symptoms, anesthetic management and potential complications of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease.

This compilation presents original study results on the leading edge of neuroscience research. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. Included in this volume is research on holographic memory; epilepsy and psychiatric co-morbidities; emotional modulation of prepulse inhibition of the startle response in humans; neuroimaging and electrophysiology efficacy in measuring acute effects and long-term sequelae following sports-related concussion; children with writing disabilities; neuroimmune connections in the posterior nasopharyngeal cavity; pulse attraction-repulsion; autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents with neurofibromatosis type 1; avidity of autoantibodies against antigens in nervous tissue; epidemiological study of childhood epilepsy using the newly classification proposed by the international league against epilepsy; and the role of neuromuscular ultrasound in the diagnostic of the multifocal motor neuropathy.

The authors' of this book discuss the most recent advances in neuroscience research. The chapters include updated information on clinical and technical implementation of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in stroke imaging; association between word display and executive functioning; the connectivity between the cerebellum and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG); the identification and validation of EEG, MRI and SPECT biomarkers for diagnosing, monitoring progression and predicting the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD); an examination of the leptin receptor, a drive of adult neurogenesis that may treat Alzheimer's disease; the language of neurons and their clinical applications such as in deep brain stimulation; the use of folic acid and its intake by pregnant women to support both physiological changes in the mother and the optimal growth and development of the fetus and offspring; examples of the continuum of shapes and sizes of different dendritic spines, from simple to complex, observed in the human brain; an examination of spastic diplegia, the most common form of cerebral palsy; and the identification of new mechanisms of pharmacological effects of certain neurotropic peptides.

This compilation presents original study results on the leading edge of neuroscience research. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. Included in this volume are major depressive disorder and white matter alterations as evaluated by recent neuroimaging techniques; the discussion of neuromodulation of the posterolateral hypothalamus has being effective in the treatment of chronic cluster headaches; comparative quantitative neuropathology of the sporadic and variant subtypes of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; dizziness in the elderly; morphosyntactic difficulties in the language of persons with Down Syndrome; innovations in stroke rehabilitation; akinetic-rigid and tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease; prescription characteristics of methylphenidate in a paediatric practices; and novel portable electroencephalograph for monitoring human brain activity prior to anxiety with balloon popping stimuli.

This compilation presents original study results on the leading edge of neuroscience research. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. Included in this volume are the effects of b vitamins on behavior and neurochemistry; the human hippocampus; advantages and limitations of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) of the human visual brain; reaction times as a dependent variable of memory; processing speed and memory; lateral skull base; cognitive impairment in Asperger Syndrome; assessment of proprioception; processing speed and memory; and body weight changes with antiepileptic medications.

Horizons in Neuroscience Research. Volume 39 first presents a study wherein the gravitational noise of the brain at different ages within the same family was studied by gravitational mass spectroscopy. The authors explore the resources for community integration for individuals that have acquired a traumatic brain injury, highlighting areas that need further investigation. In a subsequent study, the gravitational mass spectroscopy method was used for the fast diagnosis of human brain states at long-range order. Various routes for ischaemic stroke management are also discussed, including hyper acute management, acute management and long-term management. Continuing, the newer technologies and approaches currently being applied in the field of neurosurgery are reviewed. The authors summarize the reported cases and observational studies regarding nonconvulsive status epilepticus in neurosurgical subspecialties of emergency and perioperative care, cerebrovascular diseases, neurotrauma, brain tumor, and stereotactic and functional neurosurgery. The associations between different brain inflammatory mediators and epileptogenesis are explored in an effort to affirm the idea that targeting the inflammatory pathway may be an effective therapeutic strategy to prevent or treat epilepsy. The major issue in glycemic control in neurocritical care patients is addressed: tight glycemic control using intensive insulin therapy is associated with higher rates of hypoglycemia without an improvement in survival rate. On these bases, adequate nutrition before and during insulin infusion is recommended. This compilation goes on to discuss evoked potentials, electrical responses of the brain to light, sound, or electrical stimuli. Depending on the type of stimulus, they emerge as visual, auditory, or somatosensorial evoked potentials.

The opening chapter of Horizons in Neuroscience Research. Volume 37 suggests a definition and temporal origin of languages that emerge naturallyawithout linguistic assumptions or preconceptionsafrom an analytic and predictive theory of mental evolution. A significant number of Alzheimer's disease patients present with low circulating plasma leptin levels. As such, studies expressed in the following chapter have shown that leptin treatment reduces amyloid and phosphorylated tau accumulation in cultured cells and animal models, with beneficial effects. A systematic review of the structure and function of the cerebellum in normal brain and surveys the distribution of the pathology in a major molecular group of neurodegenerative disease is presented, inclduing Alzheimer's disease, argyrophilic grain disease, corticobasal degeneration, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, guam parkinsonian dementia complex, primary age-related tauopathy, and progressive supranuclear palsy. The application of Fourier analysis is illustrated with reference to the spatial distribution of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of six cases of Alzheimer's disease, and it is suggested as a useful statistical method for studying the patterns of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Additionally, the structure and function of the basal ganglia in normal brain are described, and the role that differential pathology in these regions may have in determining the clinical symptoms in neurodegenerative disease is explored. The authors describe the structure and function of the superior colliculus in the normal brain, as well as the pathological changes in the superior colliculus which may explain eye movement problems in two neurodegenerative disorders: progressive supranuclear palsy and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. The results obtained in the penultimate chapter corroborate the toxic effects at cellular and molecular levels that the administration of L-DOPA has, even in a healthy system, affirming the need to find a Parkinson disease treatment alternative. The final study investigates the relationship between the number of flow experiences in daily life and brain activation by near-infrared spectroscopy.

This book provides readers with the latest developments in neurosciences research. Chapter One reports on how neural network learning is possible in patients who are not conscious including patients in the vegetative state. Chapter Two is written for educational therapists who are working with ASD cases and the aim is twofold. Firstly, it is to raise the awareness among educational therapists on current neuroscientific studies on the autistic brain and its ASCs (and hence, ASD). Secondly, it is to inform how the findings from these neuroimaging studies can be translated into praxiological implications in autism treatment plan design for educational therapists. Chapter Three studies the postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in patients after cardiac surgeries along with extensive review of the literature in this field. At least three types of POCD may be outlined, and therefore tests sensitive to each type of POCD should be included into test batteries. Chapter Four discusses the common types of brachial plexus injuries, local anatomy, exam findings, classification systems for injury severity, diagnostic tests and management. Chapter Five integrates the results of prior publications and describes additional findings and further implications providing indications that these intra- and intermuscular sequencing patterns are referenced to the cross-system relevance of efficient movement coordination in general, interlocking the whole range from intersegmental motor interactions down to the functional structures within specific muscles, as one functional entity. Chapter Six reports on strabismus which is the most frequent ocular surgery performed in childhood and requires anaesthesia that provides akinesia, analgesia, and sometimes ocular hypotonia, to adjust sutures. Chapter Seven studies the poster dorsal medial amygdala (MePD) which is involved in the display of reproductive behaviour in both male and female rats. Further studies demonstrated that it also integrates a subcortical social behaviour network with additional, but selective modulatory roles.

This book provides readers with the latest developments in neurosciences research. Chapter One summarized the progress of this area over the past two decades by showing that inflammatory mediators (ligands in a positive feedback loop and/or other inflammatory mediators through receptor cross-talk) released from inflamed or injured tissues increase cell surface trafficking of nociceptive receptors in primary sensory neurons and dorsal horn neurons. The aim of Chapter Two is to discuss and detail well-established stress animal models, discussing their validity to mimic human neuropsychiatric disorders (i.e. depression, anxiety and cognitive deficiency). Chapter Three discusses post-dural puncture headache (PPH) which is the most common major complication following neuraxial anaesthesia and usually happens in obstetrics. Chapter Four reviews the known pharmacological mechanisms of action of first- and second-generation synthetic cathinones in the central nervous system in comparison to those of cocaine and amphetamines. These studies of the efficacy of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in adults with ADHD are reviewed in Chapter Five. As reported in Chapter Six, adult hippocampal neurogenesis is mediated by many factors and plays an important role in several diseases, such as Alzheimer disease, stroke, depression and epilepsy. In Chapter Seven, cognitive maps characteristics and the brain systems involved in spatial navigation of cognitive maps are the main focus. Chapter Eight reports on the improvement of human cognition and its precision due to technological advancement within the field of neuroscience. Chapter Nine demonstrates that low concentrations of N-acyl dopamines (below 1 am) stimulate cell proliferation, intermediate ones (1-20 gm.) induce differentiation, and higher ones lead to apoptosis.

In chapter one, Zhenggang Xiong and Liqiong Liu discuss their perception of the genetic alterations of gliomas and the biomarkers that can be used for classification, individualised treatment, and predicting prognosis of gliomas. Next, Norma Angelica Moy-Lopez, Nadia Yanet Cortes-Alvarez, Cesar Ruben Vuelvas-Olmos, Maria Fernanda Pinto-Gonzalez, Jorge Guzman-Muniz, Jorge Luis Collas-Aguilar and Oscar P. Gonzalez-Perez concentrate on the effect of exposure to maternal HFD and obesity on offspring neurodevelopment in chapter two. In chapter three, Alan J. Pearce abridges current studies engaging techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Pierce addresses the advantages of using these techniques and how these techniques can be employed. In chapter four, Rocio Gomez-Herreros, Isabel Melguizo-Moya, M. Esther Sanchez-Garcia, and M. Asuncion Navarro-Puerto review dementia with Lewy bodies together with the diagnostic approach. Isabel Melguizo-Moya, M. Asuncion Navarro-Puerto, Rocio Gomez-Herreros, and M. Esther Sanchez-Garcia discuss late-onset systemic lupus erythematosus and the importance of an altered therapeutic approach in chapter five. After, brain mapping, intra-operative advanced cortical and subcortical mapping, and mapping stimulation protocols currently in use in the Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-oncology at Kings College Hospital are presented by Christian Brogna, MD, PhD, Noemia Pereira, Eduardo C. Ribas, MD, PhD, Holly Jones, Francesco Vergani, MD, PhD, Sanjeev Bassi, Keyoumars Ashkan, and Ranjeev Bhangoo. In chapter seven, Maria de la Luz Arenas-Sordo, MD, PhD, Carlos P. Vinals-Labanino, MD, Laura L. Flores-Garcia, MD, and Elsa Alvarado Solorio, MD present findings from a study group at the Pediatric Rehabilitation Department of the Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacion. Moving on, chapter eight by M. Esther Sanchez-Garcia, M. Asuncion Navarro-Puerto, Isabel Melguizo-Moya, and Rocio Gomez-Herreros discusses Primary Sjoegren's syndrome (pSS) and the neurological complications that may arise from it. Synji De Paula Mulatiere, M Eugenia Gutierrez Marco, Carmen Moret-Tatay, and M Jose Beneyto Arrojo wrap up the book with a discussion of the concept of resilience in chapter nine.

In this compilation, the authors explore novel strategies for enhancing efficacy of SAHA in combination with other anti-tumor drugs. Although SAHA is used against various types of cancer cells, it still does not show high efficacy as a monotherapy against solid tumors, therefore new strategies must be explored for induction of growth arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis in different preclinical models of glioblastoma. The authors go onto address motion-induced blindness, which occurs when a stationary foreground pattern is not or only partially perceived due to a moving background pattern although it is not obscured by the moving background pattern. Two studies are presented which illustrate the motion-induced blindness and spinning dancer paradigms. This book also examines childhood maltreatment, the most frequent form of trauma during early childhood. In people exposed to maltreatment in childhood, numerous neurobiological changes have been found, primarily in the neuroendocrine systems activated by stress, which include the function of the autonomous nervous system and the hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal ax. Continuing, this book summarizes and discusses the findings of existing literature characterizing the normal biomechanics of the tibial nerve and comparing the normal biomechanics of this nerve against its biomechanics in the presence of pathology. This is done by synthesizing existing evidence on ultrasound applied in the study of different pathologies that can affect peripheral nerves, as well as the development of new procedures and technologies for a better nerve biomechanics characterization. A chapter is included which discusses the role of functional neuroimaging for research on ICDs and disinhibition in Parkinsons Disease. Significant neuropsychological and neuroanatomical data is analyzed, focusing on the concept of motor impulsivity in terms of disinhibition of prepotent responses. Later, the authors present a study with the goal of making an accurate cell quantification of retinal ganglion cells by comparing two types of retrograde axonal transport in RGCs. The basics of neurobiology and neuropsychology, learning processes and forming of neural connections to the brain are presented. The current knowledge of vessel wall MRI in the assessment of intracranial aneurysms is also reviewed. This new technique offers the potential to assess both ruptured and unruptured aneurysms at the level of the wall and underlying pathology that has hitherto been impossible to do with standard luminal imaging techniques such as angiography. The concluding chapter summarizes the current knowledge on the timing, risk factors and management of aneurysmal rebleeding, as there remains significant controversy regarding the risk factors, pathophysiology and optimal treatment to prevent rebleeding.

This book provides readers with the latest developments in neurosciences research. Chapter One provides a call for action in treating and/or curing cerebral palsy throughout the lifespan. Chapter Two reviews disturbances in mitochondrial function and vesicular transport as mechanisms for pathogenesis in Parkinson's disease. Chapter Three presents an integrated psychological theory that endeavours to explain how adults with the severe neurological disorder of spinal cord injury (SCI), cope with the many challenges and stresses involved in adjustment to this catastrophic injury. Chapter Four analyses the theory of logarithm in neurobiology. Chapter Five discusses model molecular interactions of trace amine.

This book provides readers with the latest developments in neurosciences research. Chapter One reviews the changes that occur in the muscle and neuromuscular junctions following nerve injury and discusses possible strategies to prevent muscle atrophy. Chapter Two focuses on the contribution of the anterior cingulate cortex in pain processing. Chapter Three discusses the role of the anterior cingulate cortex in the arising of awareness deficits in neurocognitive disorder, acquired brain injuries, mood disorders and psychosis. Chapter Four discusses the relationship between neuroplasticity and cognitive empowerment. Chapter Five investigates if cognitive empowerment through Eye Tracker technologies increases both neuropsychological and neurophysiological measures in patients with Rett Syndrome (RS).

The human brain deals, at every instant, with a huge amount of visual stimuli. Besides that, the problem of treating all this information becomes even more complex if we consider that each component of a given stimuli needs to be compared to a set of known signals stored in memory. In Chapter One a numerical solution of Hodgkin Huxley equations is presented to describe the behavior of a neuron and the solution is illustrated by a graphical chart interface to finely tune the behavior of the neuron visually programmed in Java. Chapter Two explores the connection between visual attention algorithms and the recognition of objects by computers in digital images. Chapter Three reviews research and provides original data asserting that bias in legal judgment persists despite the inclusion of visual evidence partly because decision-makers perceptions of visual evidence may be swayed by subjective factors. The preference for a product is usually influenced by the visual appearance of the product image. Chapter Four proposes a new content-based approach, denominated CBAS, that combines textual attributes, visual features and visual attention to compose the products profile. Chapter Five uses electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate the brain activations of visual attention in production designers and analyse the differences between higher creativity (HC) and lower creativity (LC) designers.

This book provides readers with the latest developments in neuroscience research. Chapter One discusses the development of neurochemical characteristics of sensory neurons. Chapter Two reviews current knowledge regarding Mavridis' area (MA) and its role as a modern stereotactic microanatomic guide for nucleus accumbens (NA) deep brain stimulation (DBS). Chapter Three describes the molecular mechanisms in response to exposure of the central nervous system (CNS) cells to the Ca2+ ionophores to increase the levels of intracellular free Ca2+ and consequently oxidative stress, and it also describes the roles of activation of the Ca2+-dependent proteases and intracellular pathways leading to induction of programmed cell death. Chapter Four reviews clinical features, epidemiology, genetics, physiopathology, management and advanced research on Frontotemporal Dementia and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD). Chapter Five explores different terpenes and their role in signaling pathway modulating the progression of Alzheimer Disease. Chapter Six discusses the capability of and limitations in PET imaging research on non-human primates for translation to humans for brain aging research as well as therapeutic drug development for neurodegenerative diseases. Chapter Seven studies the imaging markers and prognostic significance of intracerebral hemorrhages (ICH). Chapter Eight reviews clinical practices and surgical intervention for ICH.

This book provides readers with the latest developments in neuroscience research. Chapter One presents nonlinear features of EEG changes during auditory verbal short-term memory task for words and nonwords. Chapter Two analyzes studies investigating the discriminative power of the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test to screen for dementia. Chapter Three reviews demential with lewy bodies. Chapter Four examines the relationship between age and verbal working memory (WM) performance in healthy adults, ages 18 to 90. Chapter Five studies the differences in pointing versus performing a pathway in 4-5 year old childrens' topographical working memory. Chapter Six discusses the development of nicotine acetylcholine receptor imaging probes and their use for the functional analysis of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in neuropathic pain. Chapter Seven reviews the dorsal raphe nucleus neurons as targets for the presynaptic effects of nicotine. Chapter Eight focuses on the contextual modulation of motion velocity.

This book provides readers with the latest developments in neuroscience research. Chapter One discusses clinical exploration and manipulation of the neural networks and structural lesions of the human brain. Chapter Two studies the role of theta and gamma oscillations in working memory capacity. Chapter Three examines the potential usage of plastic clips in cerebrovascular neurosurgery. Chapter Four reviews avulsion-induced motoneuron death and discusses different strategies to facilitate survival of motoneurons following spinal root avulsion. Chapter Five discusses spatial patterns of phosphorylated TDP-43-immunoreactive cellular inclusions in familial and sporadic frontotemporal labor degeneration with TDP-43 proteinopathy. Chapter Six reviews neuropathological aspects of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Chapter Seven identifies the frequency, clinical symptoms, urodynamic findings, putrative underlying pathology, and management of meningitis-retention syndrome (MRS). Chapter Eight provides an update on clinical features, lesion topography, and prognosis of pure motor monoparesis (PMM) due to ischemic stroke. The final chapter discusses strokes associated with nephrotic syndrome.

This book provides readers with the latest developments in neuroscience research. Topics covered include the multiple effects of electroacupuncture on the synaptic efficacy of neuronal ensembles in the spinal cord of experimental animal models of neuropathic pain and their neuromodulation by neuropeptide hormones and cytokines; electrical stimulation for pressure ulcer prevention and treatment of spinal cord injury; the structure and function on the entorhinal cortex with special reference to neurodegenerative disease; recent advances in the understanding of the effects of different ginsenosides on CNS targets and how ginsenosides can contribute to cures for some of the most devastating neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases; neuroplasticity and neurogenesis; neuroplastic changes in subjects with deaf-blindness using the topographic distribution maps of the somatosensory evoked potential by stimulation of the median nerve (SEP-N20) pre-CI versus post-CI; vascular functions of dexamethasone, a synthetic GC with a focus on dexamethasone action on the blood-brain-barrier (BBB); the relationship between the effects of GCs on neurosteroid biosynthesis and on cognitive behaviors and hippocampal neural activity; a review of the real case of a patient with subacute combined spinal cord degeneration and pancytopenia secondary to severe and sustained vitamin B12 deficiency; and the role of sex-steroid hormones in anxiety, affective, eating and psychotic disorders.

The authors of this book discuss the most recent advances in neuroscience research. The chapters include updated information on the migration and differentiation of bone marrow progenitor cells in the adult brain; human neurophysiology and movement-based learning for repairing the human brain; blood-brain barrier dysfunction in diabetic brain; the future strategy for treatment of brain tumors; intracranial hypotension syndrome; the causes, treatment and clinical outcomes of idiopathic intracranial hypertension and intracranial hypotension; and the crisis of incommensurability in mathematics/music.

This compilation presents original study results on the leading edge of neuroscience research. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. Included in this volume is research on the symptoms, causes and treatment options of allodynia; the role of environmental toxins in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); the prevalence estimates from the national ALS registry of ALS in the United States; pharmacological management of akathisia; increasing serum sodium concentration in the acute phase of traumatic brain injury; medial prefrontal cortex alterations induced by drugs of abuse; study updates on drugs for CNS disorders; characterisation of cytoarchitecture of dendrites and fibre neurons using the Golgi-cox method; unusual allodynia associated with cluster headache; and calculating consciousness correlates at multiple scales of neocortical interactions.

This compilation presents original study results on the leading edge of neuroscience research. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. Included in this volume are molecular mechanisms integrating adenylyl cyclase responsiveness to metabolic control on long term emotional memory and associated disorders; homeostatic synaptic plasticity; reorganization of elementary functions (ref) after brain injury and in the intact brain; the effects of acoustic stimulation on comatose patients; the splitting of the brain; the role of mineralocorticoid receptors in major depressive disorder; betaine in the brain; clinical outcome prediction using Bayesian regression and artificial neural networks; pathological changes of event-related brain oscillations in Parkinson's disease; the impact of sub thalamic stimulation on autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.

This compilation presents original study results on the leading edge of neuroscience research. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. Included in this volume are study results on the role of injured nerve-derived COX2/PGE2/EP signalling in the genesis of neuropathic pain; cannabinoid receptor- and metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated signalling in neural circuits of the main olfactory bulb; cell replacement therapy in neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases; nociceptive circuitry in the anterior cingulate cortex in rodents; effects of hearing aid amplification on phase coherence of cortical auditory event-related potentials; thermal response of a motoneuron cluster; anterior cingulate cortex as a monitoring attentional system and its novel role in the unawareness of Alzheimer's disease; the role of rat anterior cingulate cortex in signal detection; distractor interference in visual motor tasks; and nervous excitability dynamics in a multisensory syndrome and its similitude with normals.